If, on the other hand, "context-free language" only means ". Languages that fit this bill hardly have any rules or complicated features, like the existence of variables, whitespace-sensitivity, a type system, or any other context: Information defined in one place and relied upon in another. for which all programs compile", then the answer is: hardly any. If by "context-free language" you mean ". Most commonly, compilers split language analysis into syntax analysis that builds and verifies the general structure of a piece of code, and semantic analysis that verifies the meaning of the program. One must distinguish between syntactically correct programs and programs that compile/evaluate correctly. The longer version: Usually, context-free grammars (CFGs) are only used to roughly specify the syntax of a language. These CFGs recognize all valid programs of the two languages because they're so simple. Instr → '+' | '-' | '>' | '<' | ',' | '.' | ''Īnd here's a CFG for the functional SKI combinator calculus: Program → E Here's a CFG for the imperative language Brainfuck: Program → Instr Program | ε It is simply a matter of how complex the syntax is. Whether a language is context-free or not has nothing to do with it being functional. The short version: There are hardly any real-world programming languages that are context-free in any meaning of the word.
My gut tells me that functional languages might be context-free
What programming languages are context-free?
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